A Frontier Education in "My Antonia"
Willa Cather, in "My Antonia," presents a strong idea of the importance of a good education. Without knowledge one cannot form a successful future to support themselves. Through the duration of the novel, the reader follows the growth of a young Jim Burden. He attends school and continues to college to become a lawyer while country girls, like Antonia, work on farms or as housekeepers. As Jim grows and advances, Antonia appears flat and stagnant. She seems to simply shift from one hard labor to the next with no hope of rising. But in fact, it is Antonia who receives the greatest knowledge as she builds a prosperous farm and family, far surpassing Jim's study of Latin and literature. Cather shows how a formal education will find you employment but it does not grow the mind or fully complete the soul. Antonia ends the novel a mature and happy adult, content with everything in her life while the educated Jim is still a boy searching for adulthood and his place.
Compared to her, Jim's progression appears to be a successful arch. He begins as an orphan moving to his grandparents on the wild prairie. He arrives as a lost child and is spared from the labor of the farm, spending his days running errands or teaching English to his Bohemian immigrant neighbors, Antonia and her sister. Unlike what the title suggests, Jim Burden is written as the romantic hero. He is set up with one task; to teach Antonia. This is the one goal he fails.
After Antonia's father dies, she is sent to work in the fields and Jim is moved into town to start school. While Jim studies Antonia is plowing fields. When he is in class she is hired out as a hand on neighboring farms. Antonia was understanding what it was to be an adult, working as hard as any man, and learning what it meant to work hard and discovered the pleasure of the fruits of her labor. By the time she was sixteen, Antonia knew what she could accomplish through her own strength and had gained a skill to start a future.
It would take Jim 20 years after graduation to return to his Antonia. They are both married; Jim to a society woman and Antonia to a Bohemian immigrant. Jim is still a boy at heart and Antonia remarks on how he has stayed quite the same. His figure is free from signs of age or wear while she is older, hair grizzled, and some teeth missing, but still the same girl. "She was there in the full vigor of her personality, battered but not diminished" (Cather 244). He admires how well Antonia raised her boys; "straight, well-made fellows, with good heads and clear eyes" (Cather 253). He decides he could stay and slip easily into this family. "There were enough Cuzaks to play with for a long while yet" (Cather 272).
Antonia is the essence of life and the fertility of the frontier. She used the knowledge from working the land as a child to build a thriving farm for her family. This is not to say that Jim is not educated of as successful. As a lawyer he gained great standing and built wealth, but he was never a man, happy with his success. Through her own education, Antonia has matured beyond Jim and is content with where life has led her, never once looking back at what she could have been if she had followed Jim to school. Life is not just about going to school and gaining book smarts, it is also about working hard to grow a future with which you can feel accomplished.
Friday, November 30, 2012
Thursday, November 29, 2012
"My Antonia" Annotations
Hicks argues that Willa Cather is unable to write beyond nostalgic romanticism or progress successfully as a contemporary author. He presents Cather’s romantic Prairie Trilogy, “The Song of the Lark,” O Pioneers!,” and “My Antonia,” and compares them to her later works stating that her attempt to study the current more modern frontier life left her novels with uninspiring examples and representing her own aversion and dislike of nonromantic themes. He allows the beauty of her Nebraskan descriptions in "My Antonia" and her use of heroism with the piety of pioneers. She does not ignore conflict and hardship when painting her romantic tales which he concedes makes this trilogy an American classic. But she could not continue writing of the Nebraska of her past while the frontier moves forward. Hicks allows that she is not the only contemporary author to not succeed in a more modernism movement and fall back upon romanticism ideals. When one cannot move forward, flight is the only option left. He concludes, though, that this move is the ending of most authors, Cather included. "Flight is destructive of artistic virtues" and by not being able to move forward, she was left behind. This will deprive generations of her literary potential found in her Prairie Trilogy and overtime could push even them to the sidelines.
Hicks,
Granville. "The Case Against Willa Cather." English Journal
22.9 (1933): 703-710. JSTOR. Web. 29 Nov 2012.
Hicks argues that Willa Cather is unable to write beyond nostalgic romanticism or progress successfully as a contemporary author. He presents Cather’s romantic Prairie Trilogy, “The Song of the Lark,” O Pioneers!,” and “My Antonia,” and compares them to her later works stating that her attempt to study the current more modern frontier life left her novels with uninspiring examples and representing her own aversion and dislike of nonromantic themes. He allows the beauty of her Nebraskan descriptions in "My Antonia" and her use of heroism with the piety of pioneers. She does not ignore conflict and hardship when painting her romantic tales which he concedes makes this trilogy an American classic. But she could not continue writing of the Nebraska of her past while the frontier moves forward. Hicks allows that she is not the only contemporary author to not succeed in a more modernism movement and fall back upon romanticism ideals. When one cannot move forward, flight is the only option left. He concludes, though, that this move is the ending of most authors, Cather included. "Flight is destructive of artistic virtues" and by not being able to move forward, she was left behind. This will deprive generations of her literary potential found in her Prairie Trilogy and overtime could push even them to the sidelines.
Rosowski, Susan J. "Discovering Symbolic Meaning:
Teaching with Willa Cather." English Journal 71.8 (1982): 14-17. JSTOR.
Web. 26 Nov 2012.
Willa Cather's novel "My
Antonia" was written to teach. Through her use of universal themes, her
passion and attention to detail Rosowski writes how Cather is able to gather an
audience and teach her readers about perceiving depth and enticing the mind for
continued discussion and literature advancement. Rosowski details how Cather’s
own background gives her incite and an ability to show small wonders in new
territory. Her story is not only about a young boy and girl growing up together
but about the progression of life and maturity. Antonia begins to take on the
role of the life and fertility of the frontier. She is desire and
accomplishment. Readers can associate her to people and ideas in their own lives
until she is no longer just Jim's Antonia. Rosowski concludes that Willa
Cather's "My Antonia" is not simply a novel. Her tale teaches
generations about great literature and entices future reading. The reader is
required to think deeply and read past the simple episodic tale of a boy and a
girl. She allows "the teaching of universal symbols" and depth of
character for her own novels as well as other authors.
Friday, November 16, 2012
Annotations over "My Antonia"
Dahl, Curtis. "An American Georgic: Willa Cather's
"My Antonia"." Comperative Literature 7.1 (1955): 41-53. JSTOR.
Web. 15 Nov 2012.
Dahl
states that “My Antonia” embodies the main themes found in most Cather novels.
The most prominent are Cather’s desire illustrate her own Nebraska background
and use and understanding of themes found in the poet Virgil’s works. Like Virgil, Cather writes of the simplicity
not of a grand subject matter. She describes the simple life of farming in
Nebraska, staying true to her roots. Dahl states that all the great literary
art comes from the beautiful, simplicity of the earth’s fertility as seen in
Lena Lingard and Antonia. He argues that Cather interprets Virgil’s writing and
uses his them of “the ageless struggle of man with the earth is the most fully
satisfying way of life.”
Feger, Lois. "The Dark Dimensions of Willa Cather's
"My Antonia"." English Journal 59.6 (1970): 774-779. JSTOR. Web.
14 Nov 2012.
Despite
how the novel “My Antonia” first appears, it is not a simply a tale of the
roots, and values of pioneer family life, but, as Feger argues, of violence,
the denial of human life, and of life’s ultimate futility. She describes
through the opening scenes of Jim’s parents death, the subsequent suicide of
Mr. Shimerda, the rattlesnake fight, and the lightning storm the darkness and
violence that follows the young protagonist. His love for Antonia is blinded by
the darkness of their life and he flees to Harvard and to the East. Feger also
questions the insertion of the unhappy stories of Pavel, Peter, and the wolves
or the suicide of the Norwegian man. She states that they all raise disturbing
questions of loss, violence, deception, and death that are faced by Jim and
Antonia. The novel closes in the same manner that it began, hiding it’s pessimism
about life with the old, innocent, country life.
Friday, November 9, 2012
"Three Lives" Annotations
Wu, Yi-Ping. "Stein's MELANCTHA."
The Explicator. 66.3 (2008): 178-180. Web. 3 Nov. 2012.
Wu argues many critics view
Stein’s “Melanctha,” praised for undermining the current American realism, as serving
her interest in defining her own “American Whiteness” and will only see her
corroborating in white racism. She claims there is compatibility between race
awareness and modernism that is overlooked. The characters of Melanctha
correspond to Stein’s own expatriate self which allows her to cross the color
line and embody the characteristics of another race. She challenges Americans’
view on their culture through her ease of crossing across the line, canceling
the differences between each race. As Wu states, Stein’s use of black literary
expression allows her and her readers to gain a new understanding of true
American identity.
Wilson, Mary. "Stein’s THE GENTLE
LENA." The Explicator. 64.2 (2006): 89-91. Web. 8 Nov. 2012.
Wilson disputes the belief that Stein’s “The Gentle Lena” is not “a softer portrait of a
tragically submissive wife who dies in childbirth” but of a will-less and
passive young woman. Lena is described as gentle and pleasant, with an inbred
lack in understanding and self-knowledge. Wilson conceives Lena to be not only
unaware of this quality but also of a deep dislike of her own self. As the
story proceeds, Lena is slowly slipping from the center focus until, at the conclusion;
no one knew what had become of her. Lena’s tale is not of a submissive, writes
Wilson, but of a redirection of will. She has not denied herself, she just
simply is lacking.
Sunday, November 4, 2012
Escaping the
Bonds of Society in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”
The Adventures Huckleberry
Finn, by Mark Twain, sits securely in the heart of American Literature. To the
casual reader it is the epitome of a young boy’s want of adventure through and
to discover the unknown and so it is, to an extent. But more so than that, the
novel is a guide book to escape from an immoral and overly complicated society. Compared to the conflicts of nature, issues
that are necessary for survival, society is an over exaggerated web of immoral
social codes. Through the novel Huck searches for a sanctuary; a place where he
and Jim can go to be free from slave laws, his father, and the complicated
society rules that he does not understand. But in the end, after witnessing many
towns, he discovers that there is no such place for him other than the river.
Huckleberry Finn is given
multiple opportunities for a family and societal life. After freeing himself
from his father, he is adopted by the widow Douglas and Miss Watson where he is
taught to be “sivilized.” Huck enjoys going to school and learning how to read
and write but is displeased with his education in manners and social conduct.
He does not understand why he must always be clean and pressed, why he must grumble
(pray) over his food before he can eat, and religion, why he must learn about
Moses when he has already died. He feels a deep sense of loneliness in the
house with only the rules and two women to keep him company. His only
consolation is Tom Sawyer who told him if Huck stayed he could be a part of his
band of thieves.
Huck struggles to find a
group that he can belong with, because society has taught him that he must
belong to someone. But after escaping from his father again, he decides flee
and search for his own place to live. He discovers that his new traveling companion,
Jim, has run away from Miss Watson and is torn about what to do. His first
response is like that of his society; to turn him in and have him returned to
slavery. The more distance he puts between himself and his home town the more he
realizes that their thinking is incorrect. On the river he is able to create
his one morality and learns that he has been struggling with ideas that are
immoral and unnecessary. On the river his only concerns are finding food and
shelter and enjoying his free time on the raft.
Huck makes another
attempt during his short stay with Tom’s Aunt Sally, feeling genuinely guilty
for making her worry about him. But in the end, Tom’s ploy to free an already
free Jim proves too much for Huck. He realizes that despite Tom’s boisterousness
and love for adventures, he is rigidly in line with the moral and social codes Huck
antipathies. Tom’s treatment of Jim shows only slight improvement to slave
owners. He treats Jim as a plaything for his adventure not as a man who is
suffering. His last link to this possible life is cut and he sets off for the
simpler life he and Jim had enjoyed. In consequence, the reader will gain a new
look on the society they are a part of and gain a deeper understanding and
respect of our predecessors way of life. Our lives today are fast pace which
leads to conflict. Instead, like Huck, we need to slow down and enjoy the
journey.
The Study of the Human Condition and the Need for Interdependence in "The Awakening"
The motives of the
character Edna, from The Awakening by
Kate Chopin, are frequently brought into question and debated over in literary discussions
and articles. She acts selfishly but it is not necessarily completely through
her own fault. Through the course of the novel, Edna Pontellier undergoes a
journey of self-discovery and self-realization; her awakening. Edna believes
she’s discovered that, despite a longing for a man to understand her, she is
destined to always remain in solitude. Chopin writes a character who struggles
to be independent and shows her spiraling into depression and despondency as a
result. On her own, she tries to find a reason to continue fighting her battle
but only discovers more reasons to give into the ocean’s invitation. Chopin
suggests that on our own we are weak, that man was not made to journey alone.
Edna struggles from the
onset of the novel to escape a certain doom. Her actions henceforth are a
reaction to this force. On the opening page the reader is introduced to Madame
Lebrun’s pet birds that we are told sing as all caged birds do, in the hope of
being free. The analogy of setting a caged bird free chases her till the final
page. Some believe that this in an uplifting idea of setting what was once
behind bars free to fly on its own, but this soon proves to be her downfall.
For what was once was kept does not know how to care for itself and has only
two outcomes, death or entrapment again. We see this reference on multiple occasions;
Mademoiselle Reisz tests her wings to feel for her strength, and her “pigeon
house” that she can never leave. At the completion, as Edna walked down the
beach toward the sea, listening to its seductive call, a lone bird spiraled
above her beating its broken wings, falling into the water; sealing her fate.
Like
the birds, Edna needs someone to rely on. She finds love with Robert Lebrun but
lacks the strength and courage to vocalize her needs and plans. Robert is
prepared to step into society’s roles of marriage life being unaware of Edna’s
wishes. Together she could have been strong but on her own, her plans become
destructive not only for herself but, as she determines, for her children back
home.
To
accentuate her point, Chopin places Edna between two extremes: Mademoiselle
Reisz and Adèle Ratignolle and her husband. On one
side of the spectrum in Mademoiselle Reisz, a woman who has gained her
independence and is an accomplished musician. She is a person whom Edna
idolizes for much of the novel. The other end holds Adèle and her husband who,
together, have formed a family and are living a happy life, a life Edna
despises. While Mademoiselle Reisz did complete her goals and is a woman free
from man’s possession, she is also angry, cynical, rude, and venomous. The strength
and courage that it took to complete her plans left her damaged. Adèle may have
the life that Edna loathes, but she has a loving relationship that allows her
to be supported in whatever path she chooses to take.
For
Edna her path would have been living as an artist and as a partner to a man not
a possession. With these ideas in mind, reading Chopin’s novel will allow you
to understand the importance of companionship, whether it is romantic or friendship.
Humans were not made to struggle through life on our own. This novel serves as
a warning to those in this situation or those who are watching it happen.
Friday, November 2, 2012
Annotations over Chopin's "The Awakening"
Thornton, Lawrence. "The Awakening: A
Political Romance." American Literature 52.1 (1980): 50-66. JSTOR.
Web. 29 October 2012.
Thornton states that the issues Chopin raises in her
novel The Awakening, is that romanticism,
narcissism, and women’s independence can be political. The reading brings new
light to the troubled Edna. He explains that her want of freedom was through
false independence of the Grand Isle society and Robert’s sentiments and
despite her partial understanding she is hampered by her romantic ideals. Her
escape is pulled forward by Mademoiselle Reisz music and the sea that encourages
her to flee and lose herself in the fantastical. She sees her escape in the sea
and dies with the “intimations of the world” that she could never reach in
life. Through this article we learn to read Chopin differently. We can see a
young girl who is trying to escape but is constantly pulled back in. He
explains her relationship with her child, stating that her children, her “soul’s
slavery”, would continue to drag her down but to continue living as she must
would destroy her children. He paints her not as a selfish mother but as a
young woman trying to find her place.
Donald, Ringe. "Romantic Imagery in Kate Chopin's The
Awakening." American Literature 43.4 (1972): 580-588. JSTOR.
Web. 23 October 2012.
Donald Ringe argues that
despite previous analysis, The Awakening
by Kate Chopin is not about the question of sexual freedom or purely a strong
feminist novel. It is in fact about the development of self-awareness. Edna
begins to develop as she interacts with society but it is not until her trip to
the sea does she fully begin to change. The sea invites the soul to the bliss
of solitude and a maze of inward contemplation but also can cause unbearable “intense
concentration of the self”. Her fear of death brings about awareness and self-importance
which she develops to the exclusion of everyone around her. When Robert leaves
her she discovers that she is truly alone and will never have a life long
relationship. The sea beckons her with the promise of the bliss of eternal
solitude and she is finally able to shed her husband and children and stand on her
own. The consequence of reading this article is that you gain a better
understanding of the themes and the novel’s purpose. Ringe states that it is
not about morality or feminist ideas but “the philosophical question raised by
Edna’s awakening. It is about the relation of self to the world and the price
of becoming completely free.
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